It also attempts to give insights to the epidemiological profile of major vector-borne diseases including Zika fever, dengue, West Nile fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever.Įmerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases are amongst the prime public health concerns across the world ( 1). Hence, this paper reviews and synthesizes the existing literature to explore global patterns of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infections and the challenges for their control. Despite the fact that many important emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infectious diseases are becoming better controlled, our success in stopping the many new appearing and resurging vector-borne infectious diseases that may happen in the future seems to be uncertain. Still other studies equivocally claim that climate change has been associated with appearance and resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Other studies emphasize the ongoing evolution of pathogens, proliferation of reservoir populations, and antimicrobial drug use to be the principal exacerbating forces for emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne infectious diseases. Furthermore, social and demographic factors such as human population growth, urbanization, globalization, trade exchange and travel and close interactions with livestock have significantly been linked with the emergence and/or re-emergence of vector-borne diseases. Studies emphasized that the interactions among pathogens, hosts, and the environment play a key role for the emergence or re-emergence of these diseases. Some of these diseases are emerging and/or re-emerging at increasing rates and appeared in new regions in the past two decades. Other factors may play a role in their establishment and persistence in new areas, including climatic conditions.Vector-borne emerging and re-emerging diseases pose considerable public health problem worldwide. animal movement, for instance of livestock.travel of humans and international trade.Vectors can be introduced to new geographic areas for example by: This may affect the transmission ranges of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Some vectors are able to move considerable distances. that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence The number of new events occurring within a specified time period within a defined geographical area for example, the number of flu cases per year in Europe.a disease that appears in a population Community of humans, animals or plants from the same species.Many vector-borne diseases are considered as emerging infectious diseases in the European Union: These include for example Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile virus, Leishmaniosis and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. diseases that can be transmitted directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Many vector-borne diseases are zoonotic A term given to diseases and infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Mechanical vectors, such as flies can pick up infectious agents on the outside of their bodies and transmit them through physical contact.ĭiseases transmitted by vectors are called vector-borne diseases.Biological vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks may carry pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to new hosts, usually by biting.Vectors can transmit infectious diseases either actively or passively: Vectors are frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas and lice. bacteria, viruses) that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal. is a living organism A living thing such as humans, animals, plants and microbes (e.g. Competent organisations in Member StatesĪ vector A carrier of a disease-causing agent from an infected individual to a non-infected individual or its food or environment for example, mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites.
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